1 主格の関係代名詞で名詞を修飾する
例題1
Internships have now become critical preparation for a successful job search. In fact, many firms look for students who have held multiple internships, in addition to a university degree. A recent report found that half of the students who graduated this year had held at least one internship — and almost half of those positions were unpaid.
（専修大 56 words）
実践問題1
Why does a language change? Sometimes the reason is obvious. If we invent something, we need a name for it, and at that point a new word comes into a language. Think of some of the words that have become widely used in English to talk about new developments during the early years of this century. Many of them are related to the Internet: Google, blogging, texting, SMS, instant messages, Facebook, and Twitter.
（麗澤大 73 words）
実践問題2
We learn our native culture well before adolescence simply by growing up in a particular society. Because this process is largely unrecognized, we usually take our own culture for granted until we are surrounded by people who are different. At that time, we contrast and compare our own culture with theirs and become more consciously aware of our own.
（日本医科大 59 words）
2 関係代名詞で主語の名詞を修飾する
例題2
As business has become increasingly international and communications technology continues to develop, the need for clearly understood communication between members of different cultures is even more crucial. Growing competition for international markets is another reason that companies must consider cultural distinctions. Business executives who are not alert to cultural differences simply cannot function efficiently abroad.
（国際教養大 53 words）
実践問題3
People who spend more of their day having deep discussions and less time in small talk seem to be happier, said Matthias Mehl, a psychologist at the University of Arizona who published a study on the subject. Hesuggests that meaningful conversation holds the key to happiness both because human beings want to find and create meaning in their lives and because we are social animals and we need to connect with other people.
（神奈川大 74 words）
実践問題4
All languages change all the time. It is not very well understood why this is the case, but it is a universal characteristic of human languages. The only languages which do not change are those, like Latin, which are no longer spoken. Languages change their pronunciations through time. Five hundred years ago, all English speakers used to pronounce the k in knee — now nobody does. Grammatical structures also change. English speakers used to say Saw you my son? Now everybody says Did you see my son?
（東北学院大 88 words）
3 目的格の関係代名詞で名詞を修飾する
例題3
The human brain processes an enormous amount of incoming information every day. Much of that information remains in temporary memory sites and soon disappears. For example, the name of a person that one has just met may remain in memory for just a few minutes. Yet the name of one’s best friend is turned into a long-term memory and lasts a lifetime.
（金沢医科大 62 words）
実践問題5
Today’s food world is a mixed up world. We may associate coffee with Brazil, cocoa with Ghana and potatoes with Ireland, but that is because these crops have been shifted around the world from their native habitat. The story of food is the history of how different people have wandered the world, conquered it, mixed it up and controlled it for their own benefit. How has the relationship which humans have had with food changed over the hundreds of thousands of years of their existence?
（青山学院大 85 words）
実践問題6
A major problem that electric power companies have to deal with is the need to be prepared to provide large amounts of power at times of peak usage. If there is enough generating capacity to handle demand at times of maximum power use, such as during the day in the summer, then some of the power company’s equipment will be idle during times of normal or low power use.
（金沢工業大 69 words）
4 関係代名詞の前に前置詞が入る
例題1
Musicians who play jazz or blues often improvise when they are performing. They start with the notes on the page and then stop using the sheet music and create their own sound. Improvisation is also a special type of theater performance in which there are no words on paper to read or memorize. Every action that is done and every word that is spoken in the skit or play comes from the actors’ imagination.
（獨協大 74 words）
実践問題7
The age at which people choose to marry has been rising every decade for the past hundred years. The age at which they choose to have their first child has also been rising every decade for the past hundred years. People are starting these life-altering courses later and later for many reasons, including financial pressures and a desire to obtain and maintain independence. There’s no need to hurry. Relationships are not a race, and there’s no prize for finishing first.
（佐賀大 80 words）
実践問題8
A patent is an official document by which an inventor can control the right to use his or her invention. When an invention is patented, no one may make, use, or sell it without the permission of the patent’s owner. Generally patents are granted only to the inventor himself or herself. Should an inventor die before he or she is able to patent his or her invention, his or her heirs may patent it.
（都留文科大 74 words）
5 関係副詞で名詞を修飾する
例題5
A flu vaccine that worked last year might not work this year because there is a new type of flu going around. So, the flu vaccine needs to be updated every year, and the World Health Organization does just that. The WHO has centers all over the world where researchers study the new flu viruses, share their findings, and work together to come up with a new vaccine each year.
（宇都宮大 70 words）
実践問題9
Interestingly, while we may see hundreds of millions of ants coming to and fro on the same path all day long, we don’t see traffic accidents where one ant is killed or injured. Ants have mastered the art of commuting. They are not careless or inconsiderate as they travel and it is unlikely that anger and shouting exist on their roads. For this reason they probably are not a quarrelsome species, unlike humans.
（白百合女子大 73 words）
実践問題10
Although our numbers have become immense, we’re not spread evenly across the face of the planet. There are now 6.8 billion of us as of 2009 — a doubling since the 1960s and four times as many as just a century ago. As a result, more and more places on the globe are becoming extremely crowded, especially cities along the coastlines where people keep settling in greater densities. Yet a full city today can mean an empty village or town across the country, or on the other side of the world.
（愛知教育大 90 words）
6 名詞に〈主語＋動詞〉が直接続く
例題6
How can we give our exhausted brains a much-needed rest? One way is by taking periodic breaks to shift gears. Research shows that 90 minutes is about the longest amount of time people can sustain mental focus with maximum intensity. After an hour and a half at your computer, you’ll actually increase your productivity if you step back and do something else for a few minutes. The more different the task, the better.
（奈良女子大 73 words）
実践問題11
The 2008 Pew Research Center survey included a question about the level of stress people experience in their daily lives. Relatively few Americans are free from stress. Nearly three quarters say they experience stress sometimes (36%) or frequently (36%). Another 21% rarely experience stress, and 5% say they never do. Women report experiencing somewhat more stress than men, and mothers have higher stress levels than fathers.
（甲南大 66 words）
実践問題12
There is an old saying that “truth is stranger than fiction.” It sounds good, but it is not altogether accurate. It is only a way of saying that it is sometimes hard to believe the things that really happen in this world. No one can deny that, but some of the things one finds in fiction can be equally incredible. In Kafka’s Metamorphosis, for instance, a young man wakes up one morning and finds that he has been transformed into a giant cockroach. The human imagination is extremely inventive.
（山梨大 89 words）
7 不定詞の形容詞用法で名詞を修飾する
例題7
Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution provided a new explanation: that simple species very gradually develop into more complex species by a process he called ‘natural selection’. One of the most shocking conclusions to be drawn from this theory was that human beings must have evolved over time from more primitive animals such as ancient monkey-like creatures.
（福岡女子大 57 words）
実践問題13
Early in 2012, teachers in Sheffield, an industrial city in England, introduced a policy to encourage their pupils, aged from 11 to 18, to use only standard English inside the school gates. The school said it wanted children to stop using slang and phrases such as “hiya” and “cheers” in favor of the more correct “good morning,” “goodbye,” and “thank you.”
（京都外国語大 61 words）
実践問題14
Mother’s Day should be celebrated with all the flowers we can gather and meals we can prepare: no reason to feel guilty about a small luxury to compensate for 365 days of maternal toil. But let’s also think about moving the apostrophe so that it becomes not just Mother’s Day, honoring a single mother, but Mothers’ Day — an occasion to try to help other mothers around the world as well.
（法政大 70 words）
8 現在分詞を使って名詞を修飾する
例題8
According to a study, people who did not eat breakfast had poorer memory than people who did. However, when people who did not eat breakfast had a drink containing glucose, a type of sugar, their memory was as good as those who had eaten breakfast. For those who eat breakfast, a glucose drink does not further improve memory.
（学習院大 58 words）
実践問題15
Used but never used up, water constantly circulates throughout the world. A person taking a drink of water today may be drinking the same water that gave refreshment to a Stone Age man. Although water is constantly recycled on the Earth, many areas almost entirely lack this prized liquid.
（関西学院大 49 words）
実践問題16
Suddenly, almost everyone in England has a mobile phone, but because this is new, unfamiliar technology, there are no set rules of etiquette governing when, how and in what manner these phones should be used. We are having to ‘make up’ and negotiate these rules as we go along — a fascinating process to watch and, for a social scientist, very exciting, as one does not often get the opportunity to study the formation of a new set of unwritten social rules.
（共立女子大 81 words）
9 過去分詞を使って名詞を修飾する
例題9
What is noise? Noise is unwanted or unpleasant sound. When noise becomes irritating or harmful, it is considered pollution. Two prominent sources of noise pollution are construction and transportation. Heavy equipment such as cranes and trucks used to build roads, houses, and skyscrapers can be very loud. Likewise, passing cars, trains, and airplanes generate a lot of sound.
（北海道大 58 words）
実践問題17
Germany has been experiencing a remarkable boom in the use of solar energy since the beginning of the 21st century. In 2006, the German government introduced a “feed-in” tariff system. Under this system, power companies are required to buy electricity generated by energy suppliers at a fixed price. The system has also worked as an effective measure for the promotion of solar-power generation and use.
（大阪経済大 65 words）
実践問題18
To know the temperature of the Earth is quite important for the study of weather and climate. Scientists use weather stations equipped with special thermometers to measure the temperature on the surface of the Earth. Weather stations can be set up almost anywhere on land. They become observation points to get data on how fast the wind is blowing or how much rain falls during a storm.
（大阪学院大 67 words）
10 名詞に形容詞句が続く
例題10
Bullying at school has become one of the most serious social issues. It goes beyond national borders and is a major concern in developed and developing countries alike. Teachers, parents, and students themselves are wondering what can be done to put a stop to it and create an atmosphere favorable to learning. One important question that is being heard more and more is: “Can kindness be taught?”
（早稲田大 67 words）
実践問題19
For my generation, it was the Beatles. Theirs was the music most popular among young people in my part of the world when I was a student. I was never a particular fan of theirs, but some of their songs still bring that time and place back to me, so that I remember the air of a street, with its traffic and people passing by, and how I felt about the person I was waiting for.
（中央大 76 words）
実践問題20
In recent years, efforts have been made to protect certain lands in order to prevent killing the plant and animal species native to the area. State and national parks along with special areas for birds and wildlife have been established to protect the natural homes of endangered species. Also, wildlife management programs have helped bring back some species from almost certain extinction.
（愛知工業大 62 words）
11 名詞に前置詞句が続く
例題11
Of all the types of pollution that we face, light pollution is perhaps the most easily remedied. Simple changes in lighting design produce immediate improvement in the amount of light spilled into the atmosphere and, often, immediate energy savings. By now, the effort to reduce light pollution has spread around the globe.
（日本女子大 52 words）
実践問題21
Business people often talked about two main kinds of selling: business to business known as “B to B”; and business to customers or “B to C.” But a new kind of business-selling model is emerging. It is called “B to E,” or business to e-mail customers. An advantage of using the Internet to sell things is that products are often cheaper. Companies can cut prices since they do not have to store goods in warehouses or distribute them by ship, train, truck, or plane.
（獨協大 84 words）
実践問題22
The country with the highest density of world-class sprinters in proportion to the population is Jamaica, but Jamaica has never produced runners of the highest standard at more than 800 metres. Little Jamaica has a population of 2.6 million but almost always has competitors of both sexes in international sprint finals.
（青山学院大 51 words）
12 同格のthat節で内容を述べる
例題12
The rainy season is my favorite time of the year. I just love to walk out the door and see the happy flowers growing in my garden. But that’s not the only reason I like the rainy season — it’s a great excuse to stay inside and watch sports. The fact that the World Cup soccer championship is always held during Japan’s rainy season provides a great opportunity to do just that.
（麗澤大 71 words）
実践問題23
The belief that the future will be much better than the past and the present is known as “the optimism bias.” It appears in every race, region, and socio-economic class. Schoolchildren playing “when-I-grow-up” games are extremely optimistic, but so are grown-ups. A study in 2005 found that adults over sixty are just as likely as other adults to see the glass half full rather than half empty.
（西南学院大 67 words）
実践問題24
One of the most exciting discoveries made by a space probe has been the discovery that water exists on other bodies in our solar system. A number of probes that have orbited or landed on Mars have photographed landscapes and rocks that look as if they were formed by water. Some recent probes have detected evidence of ice on Mars’s North Pole and water vapor in its atmosphere.
（名城大 68 words）
13 関係代名詞whatを使って名詞節をつくる
例題13
One important thing that makes us human, one thing we have that separates us from all other species on our planet, has been noted by psychologists and biologists. It’s not the fact that we have a language to communicate with — other animals, such as birds, whales, dolphins, even bees, have sophisticated signaling systems. What distinguishes us most is one thing no other animals do: art.
（福島大 65 words）
実践問題25
It’s natural to have difficulty adjusting to a new culture. People from other cultures may have grown up with values and beliefs that differ from yours. Because of these differences, the things they talk about, the ways they express themselves, and the importance of various ideas may be very different from what you are used to. But the good news is that culture shock is temporary.
（お茶の水女子大 66 words）
実践問題26
What your kids watch on TV can affect how well they sleep, a new study suggests. The study found that when parents reduced exposure to violent and age-inappropriate content and replaced it with age-appropriate and educational content such as “Curious George” and “Sesame Street,” the children had fewer sleep problems, more patience and more frequent friendly behavior.
（広島市立大 57 words）
14疑問詞を使って名詞節をつくる
例題14
Although all humans have the ability to understand quantities, not all languages have numbers and not all people use counting. Number words in a particular language are a result of people needing numbers in their daily lives. Scientists are gaining a new understanding of which abilities (such as counting) are universal and which are learned. Because of the work of these scientists, now we know that people have different ideas about numbers and math, too.
（香川大 75 words）
実践問題27
Before humans arrived, the Americas were home to woolly mammoths and many other giant animals, an array of megafauna more impressive than even Africa boasts today. Researchers have advanced several theories to explain what killed them and when the event occurred. A series of discoveries announced recently, at first glance apparently contradictory, adds fresh details to the mystery of this mass extinction.
（同志社大 62 words）
実践問題28
The Arctic sea ice is a key part of the Earth’s climate system. Experts call it Earth’s “refrigerator.” They say that as it disappears, the world will become a lot warmer. Scientists are still unclear exactly what changes there will be to our weather. Forecasters predict an increase in all kinds of disasters and extreme weather events. These include massive flooding, much more dangerous hurricanes, and the spread of the world’s deserts.
（学習院大 72 words）
15 形式主語のitを使う
例題15
How long can you study effectively at one sitting? Of course, this depends on several factors, but it is relatively safe to estimate that approximately 30 to 45 minutes is the maximum time you can study with real efficiency without taking a break. Therefore, it is both wise and reasonable to plan to take a five-minute break every half to three-quarter hour.
（近畿大 62 words）
実践問題29
Since body language differs greatly from place to place it’s easy to misunderstand what someone from another country means by a gesture or expression. For instance, smiling shows happiness or friendliness in North America. Yet in East Asia, it can be a sign of discomfort or embarrassment. Shaking one’s head may mean “no” in England while carrying the opposite meaning in Bulgaria. Also, many daily actions, from greetings to shaking hands, vary in the way they’re done around the world.
（宮城教育大 80 words）
実践問題30
Some people are more naturally calm than others. They remain calm through any crisis; they can fall asleep at will. They seem to be always relaxed. Others get excited more easily and frequently, and therefore have to make a conscious effort to remain calm. It is worth keeping in mind, however, that appearances can be deceptive; the apparently calm individual can be hot-tempered inside.
（関西大 64 words）
16 形式目的語のitを使う
例題16
In general, Americans have casual, friendly relationships with many people, but deeper, closer friendships with only a few. True friendships require time and commitment, which many Americans lack. Therefore, they often find it convenient to have friendly but less committed relationships, rather than many deep, close friendships.
（関西外国語大 47 words）
実践問題31
The complexity of popular culture is often overlooked in our society.
People express concerns about the social effects of popular culture — for example, the effects of television violence on children. Yet most people look down on the study of popular culture, as if there is nothing of significance to learn there. This attitude can make it difficult to investigate and discuss popular culture.
（成城大 63 words）
実践問題32
Grouping things that are alike makes it easier for us to find them and easier to add similar new things to the group. Would you find frozen French-fried potatoes in the snack-food aisle? No, although French-fried potatoes and potato chips have potatoes as ingredients, frozen French fries, unlike chips, need to be in a freezer. So we put these products in different places in the grocery store. We group things together or separate them according to certain similarities or differences.
（東洋大 80 words）
17 it is ～ that … の強調構文を使う
例題17
The Americans say “trash”; the British say “rubbish.” Both variations have two meanings: the waste we throw away and something that is of very poor quality. Unfortunately, it is with the latter meaning that these words are increasingly being used to describe the TV programs being broadcast on major channels. Variety shows, comedy, talk shows, you name it; hour after hour of pointless, mindless, boring rubbish.
（龍谷大 66 words）
実践問題33
Ideally, relaxation should take place in a quiet, warm room — on a bed or in a big, comfortable armchair — away from disturbances. The head should be slightly raised, and all tight belts, buttons or zippers opened. Shoes should be removed. With regular practice, people quickly begin to feel the benefits. In fact, it is often only after learning to relax that people realize how tense they were, that is, when the muscle groups that had been automatically tensed in particular situations begin to relax again.
（関西大 85 words）
実践問題34
The ancient Egyptians believed in life after death. To them death was simply the next stage in a person’s life cycle. They believed that after death they traveled to the afterlife, where they were reborn and lived forever — but this could only take place if their bodies were preserved. It was for this reason that the Egyptians made mummies, or dried-up dead bodies preserved from decay.
（駒澤大 66 words）
18比較表現を使う
例題18
We naturally think of the United States as an English-speaking country. However, America is home to a very large number of people who speak Spanish as their first or second language. In fact, there are more Spanish speakers in the U.S. than there are in Spain! Mexico is the only country that has a larger population of people who speak Spanish than the United States does.
（関東学院大 66 words）
実践問題35
Cities are getting louder, but underwater noise is increasing even faster. There are about twice as many ships traveling over the world’s oceans now as in the 1960s, and these ships are faster, more powerful, and far noisier than they used to be. When scientists compared sound levels west of California in 2003 and 2004 with the data taken from the 1960s at the same site, they found that noise levels had almost increased ten times.
（成蹊大 76 words）
実践問題36
We tend to have a better memory for things that excite our senses or appeal to our emotions than for straight facts and dry statistics. This means that you might overestimate the number of times your colleague wore a red tie, or underestimate how often he wore a gray one, simply because red is a brighter color. Similarly, you might ignore all the enthusiastic online recommendations for a new restaurant because one
good friend told you that she recently ate the worst dinner of her life there.
（滋賀大 87 words）
19仮定法を使う
例題19
The location of water helps determine where humans can settle. People who dwell in cities obtain their water from taps. If city water stopped flowing, everyone would have to leave the city and seek water elsewhere. The growth of crops that humans need for their food depends upon water. One fully grown corn plant uses about 4 liters of water a day. It takes about 7.5 million liters of water to grow a hectare of cotton.
（関西学院大 76 words）
実践問題37
If bees were to disappear completely, the cost to the UK economy could be up to 440 million pounds per year, scientists have warned. This amounts to about 13 percent of the country’s income from farming. To save the declining insects, up to 10 million pounds has been invested in nine projects that will explore threats to bees. This is not just a problem in the United Kingdom. Bees have declined worldwide, largely due to the loss of flowers and other conditions they need to survive in the countryside.
（名古屋工業大 89 words）
実践問題38
We generally notice tears only when we cry, but we have them in our eyes all the time. Tears affect how we see the world while at the same time protecting our eyes from it. Without this liquid covering them, our eyes would be at risk of infection. We also need tears in order to see. The cornea of the eye does not have a perfectly smooth surface. Tears fill in the holes in the cornea and make it smooth so that we can see clearly. Without tears, the world would look very strange to us.
（関東学院大 96 words）
20 so ～ that … を使う
例題20
Where can you find a frog that can fly, or a spider that eats birds? The answer is in tropical rainforests. Tropical rainforests are home to many of the strangest-looking and most beautiful, largest and smallest animals on the earth. There are so many fascinating animals in tropical rainforests that millions haven’t been named or even identified yet. In fact, about half of all of the world’s species live in tropical rainforests.
（兵庫県立大 72 words）
実践問題39
In the United States and other developed countries, air-conditioning is so common that it is difficult to remember what life was like before it existed. First invented in 1902 in Buffalo, New York, air-conditioning keeps homes, cars, offices and shopping centers cool and dry, all at the push of a button. While many may consider air-conditioning one of life’s necessities, few are aware of how air-conditioning has changed many aspects of our daily lives.
（関西大 74 words）
実践問題40
A team of researchers recently announced the discovery of evidence that one or two huge space rocks exploded high above Canada 12,900 years ago. The blast caused fires and dust clouds, and disrupted climate patterns so severely that it triggered a long period of global cooling. Mammoths and other species might have been killed either by the impact or through lack of sufficient food resources.
（埼玉大 65 words）
21 not only ～ but also … を使う
例題21
Surprisingly, there are some cultures in which time plays little or no role. The Piraha tribe of the Amazon rainforest is an example of one such group. Not only does the tribe have no concept of numbers, but their language has no past tense. For them, everything exists in the present. When something can no longer be perceived, it ceases to exist.
（日本女子大 62 words）
実践問題41
Noise affects not only our hearing but also our behavior and mental state. On tasks requiring alert performance, people in noisy surroundings work less efficiently and make more errors. People who live with continual noise in factories, in homes near airports, and in apartments next to trains and highways suffer elevated rates of stress-related disorders; high blood pressure, anxiety, and feelings of helplessness are common.
（信州大 65 words）
実践問題42
Awareness of climate change has filled Chicago city planners with deep concern for the trees. Not only are they beautiful, but their shade also provides immediate relief to heat. Trees improve air quality by absorbing carbon dioxide, and their leaves can keep 20 percent of an average rainfall from hitting the pavement. Chicago spends over $10 million a year planting roughly 2,200 trees. From 1991 to 2008, the city added so many that officials estimate tree cover increased to 17.6 percent from 11 percent.
（兵庫県立大 84 words）
22 等位接続詞で共通関係をつくる
例題22
Students who are highly engaged in a wide range of reading activities are more likely to be effective learners and perform well at school. Research also documents a strong link between reading practice, motivation and proficiency among adults. Reading ability is important for individuals to make sense of the world they live in and to continue learning throughout their lives.
（広島市立大 60 words）
実践問題43
Have you ever been lost in a big city, mapless, and in a rush to make an appointment? If so, then you know how important it is to find someone who can give accurate directions and is trustworthy. When we find someone, we evaluate their information on the basis of several characteristics, including what the person looks like, how confident they sound, and the extent to which their information appears truthful.
（鹿児島大 71 words）
実践問題44
Psychologists have studied how people make choices when they must satisfy a physical need such as hunger. They tend to make hasty decisions that are not always in their best interest. For example, participants in one experiment were given the choice of receiving a smaller amount of money immediately or of waiting for more money to be paid to them later. Those who were thirstiest tended to choose to be paid immediately, thus receiving less money. Psychologists speculate that the need to satisfy our thirst affects judgment.
（東邦大 87 words）
23 関係代名詞の非限定用法を使う
例題23
Many animal species have developed relationships with each other that benefit both species. Birds and mammal species love to eat the tasty fruits provided by trees. Even fish living in the Amazon River rely on fruits dropped from forest trees. In turn, the fruit trees depend upon these animals to eat their fruit, which helps them to spread their seeds to far-off parts of the forest.
（兵庫県立大 66 words）
実践問題45
Indeed, language may not have developed solely as a means of communication because it has the potential to cause confusion in the mind of the listener. In other words, if language were meant to be a tool for communication, it would clearly recreate the speaker’s meaning in the mind of the listener. In fact, when we communicate, our words, which often have more than one meaning, cause confusion; they are ambiguous, which means that they are open to more than one interpretation.
（東邦大 82 words）
実践問題46
Traditionally, the South has been agricultural and it is especially famous for growing cotton and tobacco. There are many black Americans living there because of a sad but true fact that we have to remember. The ancestors of black Americans were brought to the South from Africa to work hard as slave laborers on large tobacco and cotton plantations. The only thing they could do was to tell their children their history through songs, which was the origin of the Blues.
（札幌大 81 words）
24 分詞を使って副詞的な意味を表す
例題24
Scientists had long suspected that whales were land mammals that had adapted into the ocean over millions of years, gradually losing their four legs. Modern whales, after all, have traces of rear leg bones. But little in the fossil record illustrated the transition — until Gingerich began digging up Wadi Hitan’s hundreds of whale fossils, finding legs and knees.
（東北大 58 words）
実践問題47
Hunting for a job is a painful experience, but one that nearly everyone must endure at least once in a lifetime. Books are published and magazine articles are written on the subject, all trying to tell job-seekers what they should do or avoid doing in order to survive and to win the game. They can’t calm the nervous applicant (and what applicant is not nervous?), but they do offer some advice that deserves consideration.
（亜細亜大 74 words）
実践問題48
It has been widely observed that, given similar health care and nutrition, women tend to live longer than men. It is interesting that even the likelihood of a pregnancy ending in miscarriage is greater for male fetuses than for female fetuses. Even though everywhere in the world more male babies are born than female babies, in those places in which men and women receive similar health care and attention, the proportion of men to women is gradually reduced and then reversed.
（学習院大 81 words）
25 withを使って付帯状況を表す
例題25
For more than one hundred years, life in the American South was strongly influenced by one historical event: the Civil War between the northern and southern states. In the nineteenth century, the economies of the North and South had developed very differently, with the South remaining a farming area and the North becoming more industrial.
（札幌大 55 words）
実践問題49
Around the world, countries are in various stages of progress through what economists call the demographic transition. That’s the move from high birth rates and death rates — women having lots of children, many of whom die young — to low birth rates and longer life expectancies. The rich countries of Europe and North America, along with Japan, are all the way through this transition, with many of them seeing shrinking populations as a result.
（学習院大 73 words）
実践問題50
The Superconducting Magnetic Levitation Railway (SCMAGLEV) is a high-speed railway system being developed by JR Central that can operate at a speed of 500 km/h. Using superconducting magnetic coils, the SCMAGLEV floats just above a guideway, with the magnets creating both lift and thrust. Since it has no wheels, it can run about twice as fast as the current Shinkansen. It also moves more smoothly and quietly and needs less maintenance than the Shinkansen.
（金沢工業大 74 words）
26 〈動詞＋名詞＋不定詞〉の語順を使う
例題26
How do humans learn to distinguish between correctly and incorrectly spelled words? What mechanisms allow them to recognize, in just a few hundred milliseconds, that “animal” is a word but “azimal” is not? It was long thought that this capacity developed from spoken language. After all, children learn spelling based on the oral language skills that they have already acquired.
（成蹊大 60 words）
実践問題51
In addition to having developed language, human beings have also developed means of marking, on clay tablets, bits of wood or stone, skins of animals, paper and microchips, more or less permanent marks and scratches that stand for language. These marks enable us to communicate with people who are beyond the reach of our voices, both in space and in time.
（県立広島大 61 words）
実践問題52
Many intelligent people still think that happiness is the same as fun. The truth is that fun and happiness have little or nothing in common. Fun is what we experience during an act. Happiness is what we experience after an act. It is a deep emotion that lasts for a long time. Going to an amusement park or watching television, for example, are fun activities that help us relax and forget our problems for a short period. But they do not bring happiness, because their positive effects end when the fun ends.
（岩手大 92 words）
27 〈動詞＋名詞＋動詞の原型〉の語順を使う
例題27
More than our other four senses, our sense of smell changes our mood and helps us remember things. If you were told to think about popcorn, you would probably recall its smell. And then you might remember the movie you saw while eating it. Our sense of smell also helps us sniff out danger — like the smell of smoke. And it can make your mouth water from just one whiff of food.
（亜細亜大 73 words）
実践問題53
My home is unusual. Why? It’s not because the kitchen floor is painted blue or because it’s littered with the latest technological devices. Compared to other homes in the US, we’re unusual due to the simple fact that we own no pets: That puts us in a 37 percent minority. My wife and I have even had people tell us we were cruel to our children because we never let them have pets.
（熊本大 73 words）
実践問題54
Our modern homes protect us from the weather and allow us to live in comfort during any season. In our kitchens, we have the latest machines to help us prepare food easily and quickly. Still, there is an aspect of the human character that sometimes makes us want to give up these conveniences and face a challenge. That’s why we enjoy camping and cooking over an outdoor fire.
（京都産業大 68 words）
28 〈動詞＋名詞＋補語〉の語順を使う
例題28
When you’re in a bad mood, the comfort of your home is often most appealing. However, when you’re feeling a bit happier, you might be more likely to go outside and explore the world around you. Recent research on a new theory in the journal Psychological Science shows that a grumpy feeling might make us less likely to try new things, but a good mood may make our sense of adventure stronger. In other words, mood can change the way we see the world around us.
（山口大 86 words）
実践問題55
Skin is an important part of your body’s climate control system. Sweating, goose bumps, and simple heat loss from the skin all help keep your internal temperature comfortable. Skin is also a sensor; thousands of nerve endings in the skin keep you informed of events outside.
（神戸親和女子大 46 words）
実践問題56
One of nature’s most curious mysteries is the unusual cloud formation known as the “Morning Glory” cloud. A Morning Glory cloud is a long, thick cloud that might appear like a tube of paper in the sky. What makes it unusual is that this tube might be over a thousand kilometers long, and often only a few hundred meters above the ground. Furthermore, it may be followed by other tubes of similar clouds which, when seen together, will create a series of thick straight lines in the sky.
（獨協大 88 words）
story of food is the history of how different people have wandered the world, conquered it, mixed it up and controlled it for their own benefit. How has the relationship which humans have had with food changed over the hundreds of thousands of years of their existence?
（青山学院大 85 words）
